1
2	"Fossils are records of past..." Fossils are records of past life Fossils reveal diversity & can be classified Fossils may represent extinct species Fossils show adaptations that evolved over time
3
4	"Remains of an animal or..." Remains of an animal or plant preserved from an earlier era inside a rock or other geologic deposit, often as an impression or in a petrified state
5	"Is relatively rare" Is relatively rare Fossilization controls: Environment terrestrial vs. aquatic Hard parts vs. soft parts Rapid burial Lithification
6	"Two main classification systems" Two main classification systems: Taxonomy (Linneas, 1785) Phylogenetics, or Cladistics
7	"7" 7 hierarchical levels based on MORPHOLOGY Kingdoms- Animalia, Plantae, Archeabacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protista Gives organisms two-part name: genus & species E.g. Homo sapiens Disadvantages: Does not reveal evolutionary history Gives false ‘equality’ to organisms KINGDOM Animal Animal PHYLUM Chordata Chordata CLASS Mammalia Archosauria ORDER Carnivora Ornithischia FAMILY Canidae Stegosauridae GENUS Canis Stegosaurus SPECIES Familiaris Stenops Lupus
8	"Taxa + Common Ancestor =..." Taxa + Common Ancestor = a Clade Two main advantages over Linnean system Shows evolutionary history No false ‘equal’ ranking to ‘unequal’ organisms Uses DNA to trace lineages Disadvantages hybridisation & convergent evolution become confusing
9	"Average extinction rate" Average extinction rate 2-5 taxonomic families ~ every million years Mass extinction Drastic & occurs over short time period Holocene Extinction Event- anthropogenic!
10	"Organisms are varied" Organisms are varied, specialized, and have adapted to suit their environment Organisms morphology controlled by 3 main factors: Adaptation Phylogeny Ontogeny
11	"Evolution- continuous , unidirectional change" Evolution- continuous , unidirectional change Biological evolution- process of change over time in the heritable characteristics of a population Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Explained phenomena naturalists had observed for many years 1859- The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
12	"Variation exists among individuals within..." Variation exists among individuals within species. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Competition exists among individuals. The organisms whose variations best fit them to the environment are the ones who are most likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those desirable variations on to the next generation i.e., natural selection
13	"“Survival of the Fittest" “Survival of the Fittest” Nature favors mutation that gives ‘advantage’ “Fittest” -Critter must BREED! Mutation is inheritable
14	"Branching organization of life" Branching organization of life Homology Vestigial Structures Embryonic history Biogeography
15	"Confirms source of variation are..." Confirms source of variation are genetic changes Many occur spontaneously Changes in the sequence can change appearance or functioning of an individual May prove to be harmful or fatal, or May help survival (fitness) Genetic change can occur rapidly isolated populations
16	"Speciation not common in.." Speciation not common in.. Large populations Speciation does occur in.. Small populations Genetically-isolated groups Divergence Convergence Modern evolutionary theory: Phyletic Gradualism (Darwin) Punctuated Equilibrium (S.J. Gould, Eldredge, 1972
17	"Tunicate origin" Tunicate origin? (sea squirt) Juveniles- cartilage tail Adults- immobile invertebrates 1^st Vertebrate- first juvenile NOT to lose its tail! First fish? Some evidence: Embryos of most vertebrates have gills and tails Adults mainly do not Organisms that control of morphology over environment Ambystoma- this Mexican salamander
18	"The neo-Creationism movement" The neo-Creationism movement (1970’s) Rehashed Catastrophism beliefs from the early 1700’s Called “intelligent design” today Evolution Has been accepted as fact by educated world since the 1880’s. Genetic change does occur